Management of alternate bearing and flower induction in litchi cv. China
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Litchi chinensis Sonn, alternate bearing, yield, girdling, long-term yield indexIssue
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To counteract the alternate bearing in some litchi cultivars, an experiment was conducted on annual guided branch girdling for four consecutive fruit bearing years using a commercial plantation of litchi cv. China litchi at Ranchi, India. Trees were girdled by removing a bark strip (2, 4 and 6 mm width) circularly around the selected 25% and 50% primary branches. During OFF- years, the flowering was increased by 8.62 (2017) and 4.37 (2019) times whereas; it was 3.49 (2015) and 1.68 (2018) times higher during ON-years with the L2G2 treatment (4 mm width girdling of 50% primary branches). Treatment L2G2 also showed the highest cumulative yield with 201.19 kg/tree from four years, while the control showed the lowest cumulative yield with 96.98 kg/tree. After four years, the pooled fruit yield data showed that the highest average yield was recorded in L2G2 treatment (50.30 kg/ tree), and it was lowest in the control (24.24 kg/ tree). The pooled data also showed that the highest average alternate bearing index (I) value (0.73) was observed in the control treatment whereas it was lowest (0.32) in L2G1 (2 mm width girdling of 50% primary branches) followed by L2G2 (0.35) treatment. The LongTerm Yield Index (LTYI) ranged from 31.01% in control to 122.25% in L2G2 treatment. Therefore, 4 mm width girdling of 50% primary branches, reduces alternate bearing behaviour of litchi cv. China. In our experiment, cumulative yield was increased by 2.07 times (under L2G2) as compared to un-girdled trees during the four years of the trial.Abstract
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Anonymous, 2020. National Horticulture Board. http://nhb.gov.in/Statistics.aspx?enc=WkegdyuH okljEtehnJoq0KWLU79sOQCy+W4MfOk01 GFOWQSEvtp9tNHHoiv3p49g. Accessed on 10.2020. Bajpai, A., Muthukumar, M., Singh, A., Nath, V. and Ravishankar, H. 2016. Narrow genetic base of Indian litchi (Litchi chinensis) cultivars based on molecular markers. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 86: 448-55. Barnett, J. and Mielke, E.A. 1981. Alternate bearing: A re-evaluation. Pecan South. 8, 20-30. Conner, P.J. and Worley, R.E. 2000. Alternate bearing intensity of pecan cultivars. HortSci. 35: -69. Das, B., Nath, V. and Dey, P., 2004. Investigations on flushing and panicle emergence in litchi under sub-humid sub-tropical plateau region of eastern India. Indian J. Hortic. 61:1-5. Huang, D., Liu, S., Zhou, X., Qian, D., Wu, C. and Xu, Y. 2012. The effect of spiral girdling on the fruit-setting and development of young litchi trees. Acta Hortic. 928: 145-50. Huff, A. 2001. A significance test for biennial bearing using data resampling. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 76: 534-35. Kumar, A., Pandey, S.D., Patel, R.K., Srivastava, K., Tripathi, M. and Nath, V. 2017. Effect of girdling on flowering and fruiting of litchi (Litchi chinensis) in subtropics of Bihar. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 87: 397-401. Lane, J.H., and Eynon, J. 1923. Determination of reducing and total sugars by Fehling’s solution with methylene blue as indicator. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 42:32-36. Li, C.B. and Xiao, Y. 2000. Girdling increases yield of ‘Nuomici’ litchi. In: I International Symposium on Litchi and Longan. pp, 233-35. Malhotra, S.K., Singh, S.K. and Nath, V. 2018. Physiology of flowering in litchi (Litchi chinensis): A review. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 88:1319-30 Monselise, S.P. and Goldschmidt, E.E. 1982. Alternate bearing in fruit trees. Hortic. Rev. 4: -73. Noperi-Mosqueda, L.C., Soto-Parra, J.M., Sánchez, E., Navarro-León, E., Pérez-Leal, R., Flores-Córdova, M.A., Salas-Salazar, N.A. and Yáñez-Muñoz, R.M. 2020. Yield, quality, alternate bearing and long-term yield index in pecan, as a response to mineral and organic nutrition. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. 48: 342-53. Pearce, S.C. and Dober˘sek-Urbanc, S. 1967. The measurement of irregularity in growth and cropping. J. Hortic. Sci. 42: 295-305. Ranganna, S. 1984. Handbook of Analysis and Quality Control for Fruit and Vegetable Products. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Ltd., New Delhi. Shu, B., Li, W., Liu, L., Wei, Y. and Shi, S. 2016. Transcriptomes of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and litchi host interaction after tree girdling. Front. Microbiol. 7: 1-14. Sruamsiri, P., Chattrakul, A., Manochai, P., Hegele, M., Naphrom, D., Wiriya-Alongkorn, W., Roygrong, S. and Bangerth, F. 2007. Strategies for flower induction to improve orchard productivity: From compensation of alternate bearing to off-season fruit production. In: Herrmann, L., Neef, A., Neidhart, S., Pape, J., Sruamsiri, P., Thu, D.C., Valle Zárate, A., (Eds.), Sustainable Land Use in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 96-109. Wood, B.W. 1995. Relationship of reproductive and vegetative characteristics of pecan to previous-season fruit development and postripening foliation period. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 120: 635-42. Xianjun, Z., Deyan, H., Huibai, H. and Dingyao, W. 1999. Carbohydrate and endohormone status in relation to fruit set as influenced by trunk spiral girdling of young litchi trees. Acta Hortic. Sinica, : 77-80.
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